Systems can have the same output {equivalent output} as other systems. First, identifier module samples system input and output to identify system parameters that model system. Second-system control module uses system parameters that model first system and feedback signals from second system to add control signal to second-system output.
Two different systems can have same outputs for same inputs, so people cannot know machine nature from inputs and outputs alone {identification problem}.
3-Computer Science-System Analysis
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Date Modified: 2022.0225